Date and time functions and operators#

These functions and operators operate on date and time data types.

Date and time operators#

Operator	Example	Result
`+`	`date '2012-08-08' + interval '2' day`	`2012-08-10`
`+`	`time '01:00' + interval '3' hour`	`04:00:00.000`
`+`	`timestamp '2012-08-08 01:00' + interval '29' hour`	`2012-08-09 06:00:00.000`
`+`	`timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00' + interval '1' month`	`2012-11-30 01:00:00.000`
`+`	`interval '2' day + interval '3' hour`	`2 03:00:00.000`
`+`	`interval '3' year + interval '5' month`	`3-5`
`-`	`date '2012-08-08' - interval '2' day`	`2012-08-06`
`-`	`time '01:00' - interval '3' hour`	`22:00:00.000`
`-`	`timestamp '2012-08-08 01:00' - interval '29' hour`	`2012-08-06 20:00:00.000`
`-`	`timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00' - interval '1' month`	`2012-09-30 01:00:00.000`
`-`	`interval '2' day - interval '3' hour`	`1 21:00:00.000`
`-`	`interval '3' year - interval '5' month`	`2-7`

Time zone conversion#

The AT TIME ZONE operator sets the time zone of a timestamp:

SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC';
-- 2012-10-31 01:00:00.000 UTC

SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles';
-- 2012-10-30 18:00:00.000 America/Los_Angeles

Date and time functions#

current_date#: Returns the current date as of the start of the query.

current_time#: Returns the current time with time zone as of the start of the query.

current_timestamp#: Returns the current timestamp with time zone as of the start of the query, with 3 digits of subsecond precision,

current_timestamp(p)

Returns the current timestamp with time zone as of the start of the query, with p digits of subsecond precision:

SELECT current_timestamp(6);
-- 2020-06-24 08:25:31.759993 America/Los_Angeles

current_timezone() → varchar#: Returns the current time zone in the format defined by IANA (e.g., America/Los_Angeles) or as fixed offset from UTC (e.g., +08:35)

date(x) → date#: This is an alias for CAST(x AS date).

last_day_of_month(x) → date#: Returns the last day of the month.

from_iso8601_timestamp(string) → timestamp(3) with time zone#

Parses the ISO 8601 formatted date string, optionally with time and time zone, into a timestamp(3) with time zone. The time defaults to 00:00:00.000, and the time zone defaults to the session time zone:

SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp('2020-05-11');
-- 2020-05-11 00:00:00.000 America/Vancouver

SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp('2020-05-11T11:15:05');
-- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.000 America/Vancouver

SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp('2020-05-11T11:15:05.055+01:00');
-- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.055 +01:00

from_iso8601_timestamp_nanos(string) → timestamp(9) with time zone#

Parses the ISO 8601 formatted date and time string. The time zone defaults to the session time zone:

SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp_nanos('2020-05-11T11:15:05');
-- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.000000000 America/Vancouver

SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp_nanos('2020-05-11T11:15:05.123456789+01:00');
-- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.123456789 +01:00

from_iso8601_date(string) → date#

Parses the ISO 8601 formatted date string into a date. The date can be a calendar date, a week date using ISO week numbering, or year and day of year combined:

SELECT from_iso8601_date('2020-05-11');
-- 2020-05-11

SELECT from_iso8601_date('2020-W10');
-- 2020-03-02

SELECT from_iso8601_date('2020-123');
-- 2020-05-02

at_timezone(timestamp(p), zone) → timestamp(p) with time zone#

Returns the timestamp specified in timestamp with the time zone converted from the session time zone to the time zone specified in zone with precision p. In the following example, the session time zone is set to America/New_York, which is three hours ahead of America/Los_Angeles:

SELECT current_timezone()
-- America/New_York

SELECT at_timezone(TIMESTAMP '2022-11-01 09:08:07.321', 'America/Los_Angeles')
-- 2022-11-01 06:08:07.321 America/Los_Angeles

with_timezone(timestamp(p), zone) → timestamp(p) with time zone#

Returns the timestamp specified in timestamp with the time zone specified in zone with precision p:

SELECT current_timezone()
-- America/New_York

SELECT with_timezone(TIMESTAMP '2022-11-01 09:08:07.321', 'America/Los_Angeles')
-- 2022-11-01 09:08:07.321 America/Los_Angeles

from_unixtime(unixtime) → timestamp(3) with time zone#: Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime as a timestamp with time zone. unixtime is the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.

from_unixtime(unixtime, zone) → timestamp(3) with time zone: Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime as a timestamp with time zone using zone for the time zone. unixtime is the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.

from_unixtime(unixtime, hours, minutes) → timestamp(3) with time zone: Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime as a timestamp with time zone using hours and minutes for the time zone offset. unixtime is the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 in double data type.

from_unixtime_nanos(unixtime) → timestamp(9) with time zone#

Returns the UNIX timestamp unixtime as a timestamp with time zone. unixtime is the number of nanoseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 UTC:

SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(100);
-- 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000100 UTC

SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(DECIMAL '1234');
-- 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000001234 UTC

SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(DECIMAL '1234.499');
-- 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000001234 UTC

SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(DECIMAL '-1234');
-- 1969-12-31 23:59:59.999998766 UTC

localtime#: Returns the current time as of the start of the query.

localtimestamp#: Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query, with 3 digits of subsecond precision.

localtimestamp(p)

Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query, with p digits of subsecond precision:

SELECT localtimestamp(6);
-- 2020-06-10 15:55:23.383628

now() → timestamp(3) with time zone#: This is an alias for current_timestamp.

to_iso8601(x) → varchar#: Formats x as an ISO 8601 string. x can be date, timestamp, or timestamp with time zone.

to_milliseconds(interval) → bigint#: Returns the day-to-second interval as milliseconds.

to_unixtime(timestamp) → double#: Returns timestamp as a UNIX timestamp.

Note

The following SQL-standard functions do not use parenthesis:

current_date
current_time
current_timestamp
localtime
localtimestamp

Truncation function#

The date_trunc function supports the following units:

Unit	Example Truncated Value
`millisecond`	`2001-08-22 03:04:05.321`
`second`	`2001-08-22 03:04:05.000`
`minute`	`2001-08-22 03:04:00.000`
`hour`	`2001-08-22 03:00:00.000`
`day`	`2001-08-22 00:00:00.000`
`week`	`2001-08-20 00:00:00.000`
`month`	`2001-08-01 00:00:00.000`
`quarter`	`2001-07-01 00:00:00.000`
`year`	`2001-01-01 00:00:00.000`

The above examples use the timestamp 2001-08-22 03:04:05.321 as the input.

date_trunc(unit, x) → [same as input]#

Returns x truncated to unit:

SELECT date_trunc('day' , TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00');
-- 2022-10-20 00:00:00.000

SELECT date_trunc('month' , TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00');
-- 2022-10-01 00:00:00.000

SELECT date_trunc('year', TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00');
-- 2022-01-01 00:00:00.000

Interval functions#

The functions in this section support the following interval units:

Unit	Description
`millisecond`	Milliseconds
`second`	Seconds
`minute`	Minutes
`hour`	Hours
`day`	Days
`week`	Weeks
`month`	Months
`quarter`	Quarters of a year
`year`	Years

date_add(unit, value, timestamp) → [same as input]#

Adds an interval value of type unit to timestamp. Subtraction can be performed by using a negative value:

SELECT date_add('second', 86, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00');
-- 2020-03-01 00:01:26.000

SELECT date_add('hour', 9, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00');
-- 2020-03-01 09:00:00.000

SELECT date_add('day', -1, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00 UTC');
-- 2020-02-29 00:00:00.000 UTC

date_diff(unit, timestamp1, timestamp2) → bigint#

Returns timestamp2 - timestamp1 expressed in terms of unit:

SELECT date_diff('second', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00');
-- 86400

SELECT date_diff('hour', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00 UTC', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00 UTC');
-- 24

SELECT date_diff('day', DATE '2020-03-01', DATE '2020-03-02');
-- 1

SELECT date_diff('second', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-01 12:30:45.000000000', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-02 12:30:45.123456789');
-- 86400

SELECT date_diff('millisecond', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-01 12:30:45.000000000', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-02 12:30:45.123456789');
-- 86400123

Duration function#

The parse_duration function supports the following units:

Unit	Description
`ns`	Nanoseconds
`us`	Microseconds
`ms`	Milliseconds
`s`	Seconds
`m`	Minutes
`h`	Hours
`d`	Days

parse_duration(string) → interval#

Parses string of format value unit into an interval, where value is fractional number of unit values:

SELECT parse_duration('42.8ms');
-- 0 00:00:00.043

SELECT parse_duration('3.81 d');
-- 3 19:26:24.000

SELECT parse_duration('5m');
-- 0 00:05:00.000

human_readable_seconds(double) → varchar#

Formats the double value of seconds into a human readable string containing weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds:

SELECT human_readable_seconds(96);
-- 1 minute, 36 seconds

SELECT human_readable_seconds(3762);
-- 1 hour, 2 minutes, 42 seconds

SELECT human_readable_seconds(56363463);
-- 93 weeks, 1 day, 8 hours, 31 minutes, 3 seconds

MySQL date functions#

The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible with the MySQL date_parse and str_to_date functions. The following table, based on the MySQL manual, describes the format specifiers:

Specifier	Description
`%a`	Abbreviated weekday name (`Sun` .. `Sat`)
`%b`	Abbreviated month name (`Jan` .. `Dec`)
`%c`	Month, numeric (`1` .. `12`), this specifier does not support `0` as a month.
`%D`	Day of the month with English suffix (`0th`, `1st`, `2nd`, `3rd`, …)
`%d`	Day of the month, numeric (`01` .. `31`), this specifier does not support `0` as a month or day.
`%e`	Day of the month, numeric (`1` .. `31`), this specifier does not support `0` as a day.
`%f`	Fraction of second (6 digits for printing: `000000` .. `999000`; 1 - 9 digits for parsing: `0` .. `999999999`), timestamp is truncated to milliseconds.
`%H`	Hour (`00` .. `23`)
`%h`	Hour (`01` .. `12`)
`%I`	Hour (`01` .. `12`)
`%i`	Minutes, numeric (`00` .. `59`)
`%j`	Day of year (`001` .. `366`)
`%k`	Hour (`0` .. `23`)
`%l`	Hour (`1` .. `12`)
`%M`	Month name (`January` .. `December`)
`%m`	Month, numeric (`01` .. `12`), this specifier does not support `0` as a month.
`%p`	`AM` or `PM`
`%r`	Time of day, 12-hour (equivalent to `%h:%i:%s %p`)
`%S`	Seconds (`00` .. `59`)
`%s`	Seconds (`00` .. `59`)
`%T`	Time of day, 24-hour (equivalent to `%H:%i:%s`)
`%U`	Week (`00` .. `53`), where Sunday is the first day of the week
`%u`	Week (`00` .. `53`), where Monday is the first day of the week
`%V`	Week (`01` .. `53`), where Sunday is the first day of the week; used with `%X`
`%v`	Week (`01` .. `53`), where Monday is the first day of the week; used with `%x`
`%W`	Weekday name (`Sunday` .. `Saturday`)
`%w`	Day of the week (`0` .. `6`), where Sunday is the first day of the week, this specifier is not supported,consider using `day_of_week()` (it uses `1-7` instead of `0-6`).
`%X`	Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with `%V`
`%x`	Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with `%v`
`%Y`	Year, numeric, four digits
`%y`	Year, numeric (two digits), when parsing, two-digit year format assumes range `1970` .. `2069`, so “70” will result in year `1970` but “69” will produce `2069`.
`%%`	A literal `%` character
`%x`	`x`, for any `x` not listed above

Warning

The following specifiers are not currently supported: %D %U %u %V %w %X

date_format(timestamp, format) → varchar#

Formats timestamp as a string using format:

SELECT date_format(TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00', '%m-%d-%Y %H');
-- 10-20-2022 05

date_parse(string, format) → timestamp(3)#

Parses string into a timestamp using format:

SELECT date_parse('2022/10/20/05', '%Y/%m/%d/%H');
-- 2022-10-20 05:00:00.000

Java date functions#

The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible with JodaTime’s DateTimeFormat pattern format.

format_datetime(timestamp, format) → varchar#: Formats timestamp as a string using format.

parse_datetime(string, format) → timestamp with time zone#: Parses string into a timestamp with time zone using format.

Extraction function#

The extract function supports the following fields:

Field	Description
`YEAR`	`year()`
`QUARTER`	`quarter()`
`MONTH`	`month()`
`WEEK`	`week()`
`DAY`	`day()`
`DAY_OF_MONTH`	`day()`
`DAY_OF_WEEK`	`day_of_week()`
`DOW`	`day_of_week()`
`DAY_OF_YEAR`	`day_of_year()`
`DOY`	`day_of_year()`
`YEAR_OF_WEEK`	`year_of_week()`
`YOW`	`year_of_week()`
`HOUR`	`hour()`
`MINUTE`	`minute()`
`SECOND`	`second()`
`TIMEZONE_HOUR`	`timezone_hour()`
`TIMEZONE_MINUTE`	`timezone_minute()`

The types supported by the extract function vary depending on the field to be extracted. Most fields support all date and time types.

extract(field FROM x) → bigint#

Returns field from x:

SELECT extract(YEAR FROM TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00');
-- 2022

Note

This SQL-standard function uses special syntax for specifying the arguments.

Convenience extraction functions#

day(x) → bigint#: Returns the day of the month from x.

day_of_month(x) → bigint#: This is an alias for day().

day_of_week(x) → bigint#: Returns the ISO day of the week from x. The value ranges from 1 (Monday) to 7 (Sunday).

day_of_year(x) → bigint#: Returns the day of the year from x. The value ranges from 1 to 366.

dow(x) → bigint#: This is an alias for day_of_week().

doy(x) → bigint#: This is an alias for day_of_year().

hour(x) → bigint#: Returns the hour of the day from x. The value ranges from 0 to 23.

millisecond(x) → bigint#: Returns the millisecond of the second from x.

minute(x) → bigint#: Returns the minute of the hour from x.

month(x) → bigint#: Returns the month of the year from x.

quarter(x) → bigint#: Returns the quarter of the year from x. The value ranges from 1 to 4.

second(x) → bigint#: Returns the second of the minute from x.

timezone_hour(timestamp) → bigint#: Returns the hour of the time zone offset from timestamp.

timezone_minute(timestamp) → bigint#: Returns the minute of the time zone offset from timestamp.

week(x) → bigint#: Returns the ISO week of the year from x. The value ranges from 1 to 53.

week_of_year(x) → bigint#: This is an alias for week().

year(x) → bigint#: Returns the year from x.

year_of_week(x) → bigint#: Returns the year of the ISO week from x.

yow(x) → bigint#: This is an alias for year_of_week().